Effects of Exercise on the Body Systems

Be able to investigate the short-term effects of exercise on the body systems.

Learning Outcome 1: Indicative Content

The short-term effects of exercise on:

Musculoskeletal system for example increased joint and muscle temperature, increased muscle elasticity, increased production of synovial fluid for joint lubrication and nourishment and increased range of movement at joints.

Cardiovascular System for example increased heart rate due to the heart having to work harder to pump oxygenated blood around the body, increased breathing rate in order to supply more oxygen to working muscles and remove carbon dioxide, increased blood pressure, increased blood supply and blood flow to working muscles, sweat production and skin reddening

Respiratory system for example increased breathing rate and increased Tidal volume to support the increased demand of oxygen

Methods and tools but for long term effects

Musculoskeletal system - flexibility - Sit and reach, strength - grip dynamometer, muscular endurance- one-minute press-up, one-minute sit-up

Cardiovascular system - aerobic endurance: multi-stage fitness test, known as the bleep test, step test, - VO2 max (ml/kg/min): the maximum amount of oxygen uptake, usually measured in ml of oxygen per kg of body mass per minute. It is a measure of cardiorespiratory endurance.

Respiratory system – peak flow to measure how fast air comes out of the lungs

Short term methods of monitoring for all systems

Talk test, RPE/Borg scale, HR Monitoring, visual indications

Comparison of two different people for example sedentary person with an athlete, marathon runner with a power lifter, comparing one or more of the body systems, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and/or respiratory.

Similarities and differences of all the long term and short-term effects on the body systems, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and/or respiratory.

Assessment Criteria

• 1.1
  Describe the short-term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
  
• 1.2

  Use appropriate methods and tools to identify the short-term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Know the long-term effects of exercise on the body systems.

Learning Outcome 2: Indicative Content

The long-term effects of exercise on:

• Musculoskeletal system- increase in size and growth of the muscle fibre (hypertrophy), increase of capillary density (capillarisation), increased tendon strength and thickness, increased bone density, increased range of motion, increased joint stability

Cardiovascular system - Decrease in resting heart rate, the resting heart rate is able to slow down because the heart is trained to pump a larger slow down because the heart is trained to pump a larger quantity of blood with every beat, increase in heart size and strength, decreased resting heart rate, increased stroke volume, increased cardiac output, decreased risk of hypertension (high blood pressure)

• Respiratory system - decreased resting breathing rate, increased resting tidal volume, increased Vital Capacity (VC) due to an improved lung function (Vital Capacity is the amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible), increased efficiency to deliver oxygen and remove waste products, increased lung efficiency and gaseous exchange and increased maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max).

Assessment Criteria

• 2.1

  Describe the long-term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal, cardio-respiratory and respiratory systems.

Know about exercise energy systems.

Learning Outcome 3: Indicative Content

The key characteristics of:

Aerobic energy systems – this means that the system requires oxygen, the activities that use the aerobic system to provide energy are used for sustained activity are long-distance events

The energy is supplied by muscle glycogen and fatty acids for the first 240 to 600 seconds

This system uses oxygen as a means of making energy (re-synthesising ATP)

The activity is of low to moderate intensity beyond 90 seconds.

The Anaerobic energy system –without the use of oxygen, activities that use this anaerobic system to provide energy are very high intensity and explosive. That is, they use short bursts of exercise lasting a few seconds.

• ATP-CP/alactic acid anaerobic system relies on stored adenosine triphosphate (ATP), energy supplied by ATP is up to four seconds, creatine phosphate (CP) helps restore ATP, CP is restored aerobically, with oxygen, energy is supplied by ATP and CP for four to 20 seconds) when this system runs out of ATP-PC stores, glycolysis takes place

• Glycolysis/lactic acid anaerobic system relies on energy supplied by ATP, CP and muscle glycogen for 20 to 45 seconds, the ATP is made from glucose which is stored in the liver and muscles, energy is supplied by muscle glycogen between 45 to 240 seconds, waste product is lactic acid, when this system is unable to maintain energy requirements, the aerobic system starts to produce energy

Aerobic energy systems example activities are marathon running, long-distance swimming, long-distance cycling, walking

Anaerobic energy system example activities include, javelin throw, weightlifting, sprinting, high jump

Glycolysis/lactic acid anaerobic system example activities include running 400 m, 800 m, and 1500 m distances.

use of the energy systems within the context of the different physical activities.

Assessment Criteria

• 3.1
  Outline the key characteristics of the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems and the main differences between the two systems.
  
• 3.2
  Outline different physical activities which use the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems.

Know the impact of drugs on sports performance.

Learning Outcome 4: Indicative Content

The effects on the body of different types of drugs used and the effects on sports performance:

Anabolic steroids – increase muscle mass and strength

Stimulants - to enhance performance by making athletes more alert and aware

Peptide – to give more energy

Diuretics – used to remove fluid from the body, to hide other drug use or lose weight

Beta blockers – used to lower heart rate

Narcotics – used to mask pain

Negative impacts can include:

• harmful side effects (e.g. heart attack, infertility, cancer, aggression, addiction),
• negative influence on ethical values in society,
• negative influence on the profile of a sport or athlete
• Termination of sporting career.

Consideration of impact of this on different sports performers.

Assessment Criteria

• 4.1
  Describe the effects on the body of different types of drugs used by sports performers.
  
• 4.2
  State how different types of drug affect sports performance.
• 4.3
  Outline the negative impact of drug use in sport.